2002-161-Town Council Making Findings In Respect To The Amendment Of Chapter 9RESOLUTION .2002 - 161
RESOLUTION OF THE TOWN COUNCIL OF THE
TOWN OF LOS GATOS MAKING CERTAIN FINDINGS WITH RESPECT
TO THE AMENDMENT OF CHAPTER 9 OF THE TOWN CODE
WHEREAS:
The Town of Los Gatos is adopting the Uniform Fire Code, including provisions from the 2000 Uniform
Fire Code and the .2001 California Fire Code, with numerous changes and modifications.
.Section 13869.7 of the California Health and Safety Code provides that the Town may make changes to
the provisions in the Uniform codes that are published inthe 2001 California Fire Code. Further section 17958.5
of the Health and Safety Code enables changes or modifications in the requirements contained in the provisions
published in the 2001 California Fire Code which are reasonably necessary because of local climatic, geological,
or topographical conditions.
RESOLVED:
Council hereby finds that adopting a new Chapter 9 of the Town Code regarding fire prevention and
protection, including provisions from the Uniform Fire Code, including provisions from the 2000 Uniform Fire
Code and the 2001 California Fire Code, is reasonably necessary because of local climatic, geological, and
topographical conditions outlined on Attachment A.
PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the Town Council of the Town of Los Gatos,
California held on the 7TH day of October, 2002, by the following vote:
COUNCIL MEMBERS:
AYES: Steven Blanton, Sandy Decker, Steve Glickman, Joe Pirzynski,
Mayor Randy Attaway.
NAYS: None
ABSENT`. None
ABSTAIN: None
.SIGNED:
MAYOR THE TOWN F LOS GATOS
LOS GATOS, CALIFOR IA
ATTEST:
~-
CLERK OF TIIE TOWN OF LOS(~ATOS - __.__
LOS GATOS, CALIFORNIA
ATTACHMENT A
GENERAL FINDINGS
1. Climatic
a Precipitation. The 2001 average winter rainfall was approximately 18.91 inches.
b. Temperatures. The temperature has been recorded as high as l 0~F and as low as 22 °F.
Average summer highs :are in the 72 °F range .and winter lows average 35°F.
c. Winds. The prevailing winds .are from the northwest at a man hourly speed of b.5 miles
per hour. Winter winds tend to be southerly. Winds are experienced from virtually every
direction throughout the year.
d. Climatic Summary. The Town's climatic conditions affect the acceleration, intensity and
size of fire in the community. Times of little or no rainfall, low humidity, and high
temperatures create extremely hazardous fire conditions, particularly as they relate to
vegetation .and .combustible construction. The winds experienced in the Town of Los
Gatos can have a tremendous impact upon structure fires where buildings are in .close
proximity to one .another, which is commonly found in the downtown :area. During
structure fires, winds can and have carried embers and burning brands to other structures,
thus spreading the fire and posing the risk of conflagration. In building fires, winds can
literally force fires back into the building and create a blowtorch effect increasing the
fire's intensity and speed of spread throughout the building.
2. Geological and Topographical
a. Geographic Location. Los Gatos is located in the western foothills of Santa Clara
County. Located 400 miles south of Los Angeles, 52 miles south of San Francisco, and
22 miles across the mountains to the ocean at Santa Cuz.
b. Seismic Location. Located at the lower slope of the Santa Cruz Mountain range, centered
on Los Gatos Creek, at the southwestern edge of the Santa Clara Valley, the San Andreas
and Berrocal Fault run near the Town. Earthquake hazards .are, and will continue to be,
a major problem for both commercial and residential buildings. Geologic hazards,
earthquake faults, unreinforced masonry buildings, other building types and high
probability of`future earthquakes all contribute to the Town's potential for earthquake
probability.
c. Seismic Events, Fire and Hazardous Material Releases. Fire following an earthquake has
the potential of causing greater loss of life and damage than the earthquake itself. A large
number of residential dwellings have combustible roofs which add significantly to the risk
ofstructural fires after an earthquake. `Should asgnificantseismic eventoccur,hazardous
materials, particularly toxic gases would pose the greatest threat to the largest number of
people. In the event of widespread catastrophic event, public safety service resources
would be seriously impacted and unavailable to effectively respond to all emergencies.
:Other variables may tend to increase the risk from fire and hazardous material releases
after a major earthquake:
~ ~
(1) The extent of damage to the water system;
(2) The extent of isolation due to bridge .and/or freeway overpass collapse;
(3) The extent of roadway damage and/or amount of debris blocking the roadways;
(4) Climatic conditions (hot, dry weather with high winds);
(5) Time of day will :influence the amount of traffic on roadways and could intensify
the risk to life during normal business hours,;
(6) 'The availability of timely mutual aid or military assistance; and,
(7) 'The concentration of combustible structures (wood frame) in the residential,
hillside, and light industry .zones.
d. Topography. The topography is mountainous, dropping from an elevation of over 1400
feet to 400 feet. The approximate range of hillside versus flat land is 50 / 50.
e. Geographical and Topographical Summary. The state local geological and topographical
conditions increase the magnitude, exposure, accessibility problems and fire hazards
presented to the Fire Department. Lying beneath the Town of Los Gatos are thick layers
of sand, gravel and .clay, known as alluvium, which amplify the effects of earthquakes.
Based on the damage caused in the Town by the 1906 and 1989 earthquakes and the poor
performance of alluvial deposits during earthquakes, areas within the Town of Los Gatos
could be subject to severe damage as a result of a major earthquake.
3. Related Town Information
A. Size and Population. The Town has an area 13 square miles in size .and a current
population of approximately 31,000.
B. Public Safety. The Town utilizes a Police department comprised of 81 employees .and 41
sworn Officers utilizing all modern equipment. Fire Department services are provided by
Banta Clara County Fire Department with four fire stations located throughout the Town.
The Town's fire prevention philosophy holds that it is imperative that fire detection and
suppression .occur as quickly as possible to minimize Goss ofproperty and life. For these
reasons the most advanced fire detection, alarm and suppression systems are required for
most new construction within the Town.
C. Traffic. The number of vehicle miles driven in the Town has steadily increased over the
past 25 years. Commuters use State Highway 17, which runs through Town, to connect
to State Highways 85, 101, 280 and 680. Considerable effort is being made to improve
conditions which impact traffic in order to ease the crush of commuters through the Town.
The impact of planned developments .and traffic flow will .continue to have an effect on
the delivery of emergency services.
D. Proximity of Industrial and Residential Uses. High density residential uses are located
near high-risk industries, necessitating special health and safety precautions.
E. Transportation.. The Town is divided by an interstate highway, which has potential to
negatively affect response tunes of fire suppression equipment. The impact of planned
developments and traffic flow will continue to have an effect on the delivery of
emergency services.
F, Industry Zoning. The Town has .approximately 150 acres zoned for light and clean
industry.. There are two industrial .zoned located in the the Town, L-M or C-M.
2
G. Industry. ~ one Town has manufacturing plans an~ research facilities. The leading
products are electronic equipment, communication equipment and medical .equipment.
Many of these manufacturing and research industries use toxic, flammable and explosive
chemicals and other materials in potentially hazardous combinations. Special precautions
are required to minimize the risk of damage to adjoining persons and properties.
H. Proximity of Industrial and Residential Uses. High density residential uses are located
near high-risk industries, necessitating special health and safety precautions. The terrain
in these areas is level, the drainage excellent and the subsoil is firm.
I. Buildings, Landscaping and Clearances. Many of the Town's newer large buildings and
building complexes are of designs, which greatly limit visibility and approach to and
accessibility by Public Safety resources. Many houses and other buildings with wood
roofs and/or sidings are so close together that fire can readily spread from one to the:other.
J. Water Supply. Water for residential and commercial uses within the Town is supplied by
San Jose Water Company. The maximum supply capacity is approximately 244.93
million gallons per day (MGD). The average consumption is 114 MGD. Sizes of water
mains range from six to 12 inches.
K. Electric Power. The Town's residents, as well as commercial and industrial customers,
.are supplied with electric power from Pacific Gas & Electric Company.
SPECIFIC FINDINGS
In addition to changes justified on administrative grounds or by all of the general findings, several
substantive sections are justified. Those sections are listed on Attachment 1.
3
i
ATTACHMENT 1
The following list of amendments are considered with the applicable climatic, geologic and topographic
conditions.
A. .Section 204-C, Hazardous Materials Business Plan Definition is :added to the Uniform
Fire Code adopted by Town ordinance as section 9.30.080.
Climatic Findings
The local climatic conditions affect the acceleration, intensity, and size of fire in the community. Times
of little or no rainfall, low humidity, and high temperatures create extremely hazardous fire conditions,
particularly as theyrelate to wood shake and shingle roof fires. The winds experienced in the Town of Los Gatos
area can have a tremendous impact upon structure fires where buildings are in close proximity to one another,
which is commonly found in the Town. During wood shake and shingle roof fires, or exposure fires, winds can
carry sparks and burning brands to other structures, thus spreading the fire and causing conflagrations. In
building fires, which can literally force fires back into the building and .can create a blowtorch effect, in addition
to preventing "natural" ventilation and cross-ventilation efforts.
Geologic and Topographic Conditions
Seismic Location. The Town of Los Gatos is situated on alluvial soils between San Francisco Bay and
the San Andreas Fault zone. The Town's location makes it particularly vulnerable to damage to taller and older
structures caused by seismic events. The relatively young geological processes that have .created the San
Francisco Bay Area are still active today. Seismically, the Town sits near one active earthquake fault (San
Andreas) and other potentially active faults, including the Berrocal Fault.
Seismic Events, Fire and Hazardous Material Releases. Fire following an earthquake has the potential
of causing greater loss of life and damage than the earthquake itself. A large number of residential dwellings in
Los Gatos have combustible roofs which add significantly to the risk of structural fires after an earthquake.
.Should a significant seismic event occur, hazardous materials, particularly toxic .gases could pose the
greatest threat to the largest number of people. In the event of widespread catastrophic event, public safety
service resources would be seriously impacted and maybe unavailable to effectively respond to all emergencies.
Other variables may tend to increase the risk from fire and hazardous material releases after a major
earthquake:
(1) The extent of damage to the water system;
(2) The extent of isolation due to bridge and/or freeway overpass collapse;
(3) The extent of roadway damage and/or amount ofdebris blocking the roadways;
(4) Climatic conditions (hot, dry weather with high winds);
(5) Time of day will influence the amount of traffic on roadways .and could intensify the risk
to life during normal business hours;
(6) The availability of timely mutual aid or military assistance; and,
4
(7) The concentration of combustible structures (wood frame) in residential, mercantile and
light industry zones.
Geographical and Topographical Summary
The stated local geological and topographical conditions increase the magnitude, exposure, accessibility
problems and fire'hazards presentedto the Fire Department. Lyingbeneath Santa Clara are thick layers of sand,
gravel and clay, known as alluvium, which amplify the effects of earthquakes. Based on damage caused in Los
Gatos by the 1906 and 1989 earthquake and the poor performance of.alluvial deposits during earthquakes, areas
of the Town could be subject to severe damage as a result of a major earthquake.
B, Section 1003.202, Fire Extinguishing System for New Buildings, item 6 of the Uniform
Fire Code is added to the Uniform Fire Code adopted by Town ordinance as section
9.30.105.
- Climatic Findings
The local climatic conditions affect the acceleration, intensity, and size offire in the community. Times
of little or no rainfall, low humidity, and high temperatures create extremely hazardous fire conditions,
particularly as they relate to wood shake and shingle roof fires. The winds experienced in the Town of Los Gatos
area .can have a tremendous impact upon structure fires where buildings are in close proximity to one :another,
which is commonly found in the Town. During wood shake and shingle rooffires, or exposure fires, winds can
carry sparks and burning brands to other structures, thus spreading the fire and causing conflagrations. In
building fires, which can literally force fires back into the building and can .create a blowtorch effect, in addition
to preventing "natural" ventilation and cross-ventilation efforts.
Geologic and Topographic Conditions
Seismic Location. The Town of Los Gatos is situated on .alluvial soils between San Francisco Bay and
the San Andreas Fault zone. The Town's location makes it particularly vulnerable to damage to taller and older
structures .caused by seismic events, The relatively young geological processes that have created the San
Francisco Bay Area are still .active today. Seismically, the Town sits near one active earthquake fault (San
.Andreas) and other potentially active faults, including the Berrocal Fault.
Seismic Events, Fire and Hazardous Material Releases. Fire following an earthquake has the potential
of causing greater loss-of life and damage than the earthquake itself. A large number of residential dwellings in
Los Gatos :have combustible roofs which add significantly to the risk of structural fires after an earthquake.
Should a significant seismic event occur, hazardous materials, particularly toxic :gases could pose the
greatest threat to the largest number of people. In the event of widespread catastrophic event, public safety
service resources would be seriously impacted and maybe unavailable to effectively respond to all emergencies.
Other variables may tend to increase the risk from fire and hazardous material releases after a major
earthquake:
(1) The extent of damage to the water system;
(2) The extent of isolation due to bridge and/or :freeway overpass collapse;
(3) The extent of roadway :damage and/or amount of debris blocking the roadways;
(4) Climatic conditions (hot, :dry weather with high winds);
{5) Time of day will influence the amount of traffic on roadways and could intensify the risk
to life during normal business :hours;
(6) The availability of timely mutual aid or military assistance; and,
(7) The concentration of combustible structures {wood frame) in residential, mercantile and
light industry zones.
Geographical and Topographical Summary
The stated local geological and topographical conditions increase the magnitude, exposure, accessibility
problems and fire hazards presented to the Fire Department. Lying beneath Santa Clara are thick layers of sand,
gravel and clay, known as alluvium, which amplify the effects ofearthquakes. Based on damage caused in Los
Gatos by the 1906 and 1989 earthquake and the poor performance of alluvial deposits during earthquakes, areas
of the Town could be subject to severe damage as a result of a major earthquake.
C. Section 790L13, Monitoring, is added to the Uniform Fire Code adopted by Town
ordinance as section 9.30.135.
Climatic Findings
The local climatic conditions affect the acceleration, intensity, and size of fire in the community. Times
of little or no rainfall, low :humidity, and high temperatures create extremely hazardous fire conditions,
particularly as they relateto wood shake and shingle roof fires. The winds experienced in the Town of Los Gatos
area can have a tremendous impact upon structure fires where buildings are in close proximity to one another,
which is commonly found in the Town. During wood shake and shingle roof fires, or exposure fires, winds can
carry sparks and burning brands to other structures, thus spreading the fire and causing conflagrations. In
buildingfires, which can literally force fires back into thebuilding and can create ablowtorch effect, in addition
to preventing "natural" ventilation .and cross-ventilation efforts.
Geologic and Topographic Conditions
Seismic Location. The Town of Los Gatos is situated on alluvial soils between San Francisco Bay and
the San Andreas Fault zone. The Town's location makes it particularly vulnerable to damage to taller and older
structures caused by seismic events. The relatively young geological processes that have created the .San
Francisco Bay Area are still active today. Seismically, the Town sits near one active earthquake fault (San
Andreas) and other potentially active faults, including the Berrocal Fault.
Seismic Events, Fire and Hazardous Material Releases.. Fire following an earthquake has the potential
of causing greater loss of life and damage than the earthquake itself. A large number ofresidential dwellings in
Los Gatos have combustible roofs which add significantly to the risk of structural fires .after an earthquake.
Should a significant seismic event occur, hazardous materials, particularly toxic gases could pose the
greatest threat to the largest number of people. In the event of widespread catastrophic event, public safety
serviceresourceswould beseriously impacted and maybe unavailable to effectively respond to all emergencies.
Other variables may tend to increase :the risk from fire and hazardous material releases after a major
earthquake:
(1) The extent of damage to the water system;
(2) The extent of isolation due to bridge and/or freeway overpass collapse;
(3) The extent of roadway damage andlor amount of debris blocking the roadways;
(4) Climatic conditions (hot, dry weather with high winds);
(5) Time of day will influence the .amount of traffic on roadways and could intensify the risk
to life during normal business hours;
(6) The availability of timely mutual aid or military assistance; and,
{7) The concentration of combustible structures (wood frame) in residential, mercantile and
6
light industry zones.
Geographical and Topographical Summary
The stated local geological and topographical conditions increase the magnitude, exposure, accessibility
problems and fire hazards presented to the Fire Department. Lying beneath Santa Clara are thick layers of sand,
gravel and clay, known as alluvium, which:amplify the effects of earthquakes. Based on damage caused in Los
Gatosby the 1906 and 1989 earthquake and the poor performance ofalluvial deposits during earthquakes, areas
ofthe Town .could be subject to severe damage as a result of a major earthquake.
D. Section 7901.14, Flammable :and Combustible Liquids-Containment is added to the
Uniform Fire Code adopted by Town ordinance as section 9.30.140.
Climatic Findings
The local climatic conditions affectthe acceleration, intensity, and size office in the community. Times
of little or no rainfall, low humidity, and high temperatures create extremely hazardous fire conditions,
particularly as they relate to wood shake and shingle roof fires. The winds experienced in the Town of Los Gatos
area can have a tremendous impact upon structure fires where buildings are in close proximity to one another,
which is commonly found in the Town. During wood shake and shingle roof fires, or exposure fires, winds can
carry sparks and burning brands to other structures, thus spreading the fire and causing conflagrations. In
building fires, which can literally force fires back into the building and can create a blowtorch effect, in addition
to preventing "natural" ventilation and cross-ventilation efforts.
Geologic and Topographic Conditions
Seismic Location. The Town of Los Gatos is situated on alluvial soils between San Francisco Bay and
the San Andreas Fault zone. The Town's location makes it particularly vulnerable to damage to taller .and older
structures caused by seismic events. The relatively young geological processes that have created the San
Francisco Bay Area are still active today. Seismically, the Town sits near one active earthquake fault (San
Andreas) and other potentially active faults, including the Berrocal Fault.
Seismic Events, Fire :and Hazardous Material Releases. Fire following an earthquake has the potential
of causing greater loss of life and damage than the earthquake itself. A large number of residential dwellings in
Los Gatos have combustible roofs which add significantly to the risk of structural fires after an earthquake.
Should a significant seismic event occur, hazardous materials, particularly toxic gases could pose the
greatest threat to the largest number of people, In the .event of widespread catastrophic event, public safety
service resources would be seriously impacted and maybe unavailable to effectively respond to all emergencies.
Other variables may tend to increase the risk from fire and hazardous material releases after a major
earthquake:
(1) The extent of damage to the water system;
(2) The extent of isolation due to bridge and/or freeway overpass collapse;
{3) The extent of roadway damage and/or amount of debris blocking the roadways;
{4) Climatic conditions (hot, dry weather with high winds);
(5) Time of day will influence the amount oftraffic on roadways and could intensifythe risk
to life during normal business hours;
(6) The availability of timely mutual aid or military assistance; and,
(7) The concentration of combustible structures {wood frame) in residential, mercantile and
7
light industry zones.
Geographical and Topographical Summary
The stated local geological and topographical conditions increase the magnitude, exposure, accessibility
problems and fire hazards presented to the Fire Department. Lying beneath Santa Clara are thick layers of sand,
gravel .and clay, known as alluvium, which amplify the effects of earthquakes. Based on damage caused in Los
Gatos by the 1906 and 1989 earthquake and the poor performance of alluvial deposits .during earthquakes, the
Town of Los Gatos areas could be subject to severe damage as a result of a major earthquake.
E. Article 91, Toxic Gases is added to the Uniform Fire Code adopted by Town ordinance
as section 9.30.155.
Climatic Findings
The local climatic conditions affect the acceleration, intensity, and size office in the community. Times
of little or no rainfall, low humidity, and high temperatures create extremely hazardous fire conditions,
particularly as they relate to wood shake and shingle roof fires. The winds experienced in theTown of Los Gatos
area can have a tremendous impact upon structure fires where buildings are in close proximity to one .another,
which is commonly found in the Town. During wood shake and shingle roof fires, or exposure fires, winds can
carry sparks and burning brands to other structures,. thus spreading the fire and causing conflagrations. In
building fires, which can literally force fires back into the building and can create a blowtorch effect, in addition
to ,preventing "natural" ventilation and cross-ventilation efforts.
Geologic and Topographic Conditions
Seismic Location. 'The Town of Los Gatos is situated on alluvial soils between San Francisco Bay and
the San Andreas Fault zone. The Town's location makes it particularly vulnerable to damage to taller and older
structures caused by seismic events. The relatively young geological processes that have created the San
Francisco Bay Area are still active today. Seismically, the Town sits near one active earthquake fault (San
Andreas) and other potentially active faults, including the Berrocal Fault.
Seismic Events, Fire and Hazardous Material Releases. Fire following an earthquake has the potential
of causing greater loss of life and damage than the earthquake itself. A large number of residential dwellings in
Los Gatos have combustible roofs which add significantly to the risk of structural fires after an earthquake.
.Should a significant seismic event occur, hazardous materials, particularly toxic gases could ;pose the
greatest threat to the largest number of people. In the event of widespread catastrophic event, public safety
service resources would be seriously impacted andmaybe unavailable to effectively respond to all emergencies.
Other variables may tend to increase the risk from fire .and hazardous material releases after a major
earthquake:
(1) The extent of damage to the water system;
{2) The extent of isolation due to bridge and/or freeway overpass collapse;
{3) The extent of roadway damage .and/or amount of debris blocking the roadways;
{4) Climatic conditions .(hot, dry weather with high winds);
{5) Time of day will influence the amount of traffic on roadways and could intensify the risk
to life during normal business hours;
(6) The availability of timely mutual aid or military assistance; and,
(7) The concentration of combustible structures :(wood frame) in residential, mercantile and
8
.light industry :zones.
Geographical and Topographical Summary
The statedlocal geological and topographical conditions ncreasethe magnitude, exposure, accessibility
problems and fire hazards presented to the Fire. Lying beneath Santa Clara are thick layers of sand, gravel and
clay, known as alluvium, which amplify the effects of earthquakes. Based on damage caused in Los Gatos by
the 1906 and 1989 earthquake .and the poor performance of alluvial deposits during earthquakes, areas of the
Town could be subject to severe damage as a result of a major earthquake.
F. Section 16.3, Suppression and Control of Hazardous Fire Areas is added to the Uniform
Fire Code adopted by Town ordinance as section 9.30.17:5.
Climatic Findings
The local climatic conditions affect the acceleration, intensity, and size of fire in the community. Times
of little or no rainfall, low humidity, and high temperatures create extremely hazardous fire conditions,
particularly as they relate to wood shake and shingle roof fires. The winds experienced in the Town of Los Gatos
area can have a tremendous impact upon structure fires where buildings are in close proximity to one another,
which is commonly found in the Town. During wood shake and shingle roof fires, or exposure fires, winds can
carry sparks and burning brands to other structures, thus spreading the fire and causing :conflagrations. In
building fires, which can literally force fires back into the building and can create a blowtorch effect, in addition
to preventing "natural" ventilation and cross-ventilation efforts.
Geologic and Topographic Conditions
' Seismic Location. The Town of Los Gatos is situated onalluvial soils between .San Francisco Bay and
the San Andreas Fault zone. The Town's location makes it particularly vulnerable to damage to taller and older
structures caused by seismic events. The relatively young geological processes that have created the :San
Francisco Bay Area are still active today. Seismically, the Town sits near one active earthquake fault (San
Andreas) and other potentially .active faults, including the Berrocal Fault.
Seismic Events, Fire and Mazczrdous Material Releases.. Fire following an earthquake has the potential
of causing greater loss of life and damage than the earthquake itself. A large number of residential dwellings in
Los Gatos have combustible roofs which .add significantly to the risk of structural fires after an earthquake.
Should a significant seismic event occur, hazardous materials, particularly toxic gases could pose the
greatest threat to the largest number of people. In the event of widespread catastrophic event, public safety
service resources would be seriously impacted and maybe unavailable to effectively respond to all emergencies.
Other variables may tend to increase the risk from fire and hazardous material releases after a major
earthquake:
(1) The extent of damage to the water system;
(2) The extent of isolation due to bridge and/or freeway overpass collapse;
(3) The extent of roadway damage and/or amount of debris blocking the roadways;
(4) Climatic conditions (hot, dry weather with high winds);
(5) Time of day will influence the amount of traffic on roadways and could intensify the risk
to life during normal business hours;
(6) The availability of timely mutual aid or military assistance; and,
(7) The concentration of combustible structures (wood frame) in residential, mercantile and
9
light industry zones.
Geographical and Topographical Summary
The stated local geological and topographical conditions increase the magnitude, exposure, accessibility
problems and fire hazards presented to the Fire. Lying beneath Santa Clara are thick layers of sand, gravel and
clay, known as alluvium,. which amplify the effects of earthquakes. Based on damage caused in Los Gatos by
the 1906 and 1989 earthquake and the poor performance of alluvial deposits during earthquakes, areas of the
Town could be subject to severe damage as a result of a major\earthquake.
N:\S HA RE\M~'Lyn2.wpd
10