Attachment 2From: John Shepardson <shepardsonlaw@me.com>
Sent: Friday, March 1, 2019 5:39 PM
To: Steven Leonardis; Marcia Jensen; BSpector; Marico Sayoc; Rob Rennie; Council; Laurel Prevetti;
Robert Schultz
Subject: Comments for Town Council's Consideration for 3/5/19 Agenda
Mayor, Council Members, Town Manager & Town Attorney,
Initial views:
1. BMP review makes sense and so does referral to policy committee.
2. Pavement resurfacing with Campbell—What about cement or
white or cool colored? Asphalt is a heat magnet. Long-term benefits of cement.
Los Angeles Testing Reflective Roads to Keep Neighborhoods Cool ...
mentalfloss.com/article/.../los-angeles-testing-reflective-roads-keep-neighborhoods-cool
Los Angeles Testing Reflective Roads to Keep Neighborhoods
Cool | Mental Floss
mentalfloss.com
The urban heat island effect is a well-documented part of city living. Cities are simply
hotter than their surrounding regions, thanks to their miles and miles of dark surfaces like
asphalt roads ...
ATTACHMENT 2
Cities are simply hotter than their surrounding regions, thanks to their miles and miles of
dark surfaces like asphalt roads, brick buildings, and black tar roofs that absorb heat
during the day. ... Called CoolSeal, the gray, reflective coating is designed to
keep roads from ...
Videos
1:25
White Cool Roads in LA
Harbi Channel
YouTube - Jul 20, 2017
YouTube - Jul 31, 2014
These New White Roads Can Cool Down Entire Cities - ATTN:
Attn - Jul 13, 2017
Web results
Cool Roads — Sustainable Chippendale
sustainablechippendale.org/cool-roads/
1.
What are cool roads and why do we need them? On average our suburb is 6 degrees
warmer than it should be. This is called 'heat island effect'. Of course, this ...
Cool Pavements
Thermal infrared (left) and visible (right) images of a road with light and dark segments. The infrared
image shows that the light segment (bottom) is about 17°C (30°F) cooler than the dark segment
(top). (Image courtesy of Larry Scofield, APCA)
Reflective pavements can reduce the need for street lighting at night. (Image courtesy of Stark 1986)
Clear resin binder (Image courtesy of ESI.info)
Cement concrete pavers (Image courtesy of PMCINJ.com)
Emerald Cities reflective coating (Image courtesy of Emerald Cities Cool Pavement)
Light chip seal (Image courtesy of qiaoxinguan.com)
THE PROBLEM
Like conventional dark roofs, dark pavements get hot in the sun because they absorb 80 -95%
of sunlight. Hot pavements aggravate urban heat islands by warming the local air, and
contribute to global warming by radiating heat into the atmosphere - pavements can aggravate
urban heat islands because they comprise about one third of urban surfaces.4 Hot pavements
can also raise the temperature of storm water runoff.5
A SOLUTION: COOL PAVEMENTS
Definition
Solar reflective "cool" pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditio nal pavements. Pavement
reflectance can be enhanced by using reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a
reflective surface coating.
Benefits
• Energy savings and emission reductions. Cool pavements lower the outside air temperature,
allowing air conditioners to cool buildings with less energy. Cool pavements also save energy by
reducing the need for electric street lighting at night.
• Improved comfort and health. Cool pavements cool the city air, reducing heat-related illnesses,
slowing the formation of smog, and making it more comfortable to be outside. Pedestrians also
benefit from cooler air and cooler pavements.
• Increased driver safety. Light-colored pavements better reflect street lights and vehicle
headlights at night, increasing visibility for drivers.
• Improved air quality. By decreasing urban air temperatures, cool pavements can slow
atmospheric chemical reactions that create smog.
• Reduced street lighting cost. Cool pavements can increase the solar reflectance of roads,
reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.
• Reduced power plant emissions. By saving energy on street lighting and A/C use in surrounding
buildings, cool pavements reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants at
power plants.
• Improved water quality. Cool pavements lower surface temperatures, thereby cooling storm
water and lessening the damage to local watersheds.6,7
• Slowed climate change. Cool pavements decrease heat absorbed at the Earth’s surface and
thus can lower surface temperatures. This decrease in surface temperatures can temporarily
offset warming caused by greenhouse gases.
New research findings on consequences of deploying cool
pavements
Recent research in California has led to important findings on penalties and benefits from
deploying cool pavements in cities across the state. See the key take-aways from this research
below.8
• Cool pavement materials usually require more energy and carbon to manufacture than
conventional pavement materials. An exception is concrete with substantially reduced levels of
energy- and carbon-intensive ordinary portland cement.
• Raising by 0.20 the albedo of all paved surfaces is projected to reduce summertime outdoor air
temperatures in California cities by about 0.1 to 0.5 °C (about 0.2 to 0.9 °F), depending on city
geography and climate.
• In California cities with a lot of air conditioning, the savings of air conditioning energy due to
lowered air temperature is less than 1 kWh (saving less than US$0.60) a year per m² of
pavement modified. The avoided CO₂ is valued at less than a penny a year per m².
• The energy and carbon saved in buildings is typically much less than the extra energy and
carbon needed to make the cooler pavements.
• For comparison, building energy savings from cool pavements are about an order of magnitude
smaller than those from cool roofs.
• Reflective pavements offer a one-time carbon offset (benefit) that exceeds the 50-year life-
cycle carbon penalty (or 50-year life-cycle carbon savings).
• An important challenge is to create cool pavement materials that reduce life -cycle energy,
carbon, and cost.
Technology
Cool pavements can be made from traditional paving materials, such as cement concrete. New
cement concrete has a solar reflectance (SR) of 30–50%. There are also novel cool-
colored coatings for asphalt concrete pavements that reflect about 50% of sunlight. Another
approach is to use a clear binder that reveals highly reflective (light-colored) aggregate.
As with all materials exposed to the atmosphere and use, the solar reflectance of pavement can
change over time. For example, as cement concrete pavement ages it tends to get darker with
tire and grease stains (new SR 30-50%; aged SR 20-35%), but asphalt concrete lightens (new SR
5%; aged SR 10-20%) as it ages because the asphalt binder oxidizes and more aggregate is
exposed through wear.
Notes:
4 Akbari H, Rose LS, Taha H. 1999. Characterizing the fabric of the urban environment: A case
study of Sacramento, California. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
5U.S. EPA Heat Islands Cool Pavements Page
6 Pratt C, Mantle J, Schofield PA. 1995. UK research into the performance of permeable pa ve-
ment, reservoir structures in controlling stormwater discharge quantity and quality. Water
Science and Technology 32(1): 63-69.
7 James W and Shahin R. 1998. Pollutants leached from pavements by acid rain. In W. James
(ed.), Advances in Modeling the Management of Stormwater Impacts. Vol. 6: 321-349. Guelph,
Canada: Computational Hydraulics Int.
8 Levinson, Ronnen M., Haley E. Gilbert, Melvin Pomerantz, John T. Harvey, and George A. Ban-
Weiss. Recent cool pavement research highlights: Quantifying the energy and environmental
consequences of cool pavements., 2017.
3. AUTHORIZE THE TOWN MANAGER TO EX
ECUTE A GRANT AGREEMENT WITH THE LOS GATOS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE FOR
PARTIAL FUNDING IN THE AMOUNT OF $22,000 FOR A CONSULTANT TO ASSIST WITH
THE FORMATION OF A LOS GATOS PROPERTY BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT
Comment—$22K to help the downtown help itself. Makes sense. A vibrant downtown
brings in more revenue to the town.
4. PROVIDE DIRECTION REGARDING POTENTIAL TOWN COUNCIL MEMBER TERM LIMITS
Interesting survey results. LG is in the clear local minority. What is best for our town?
What do the people want?
5. Currently, restaurants are approved at either Planning Commission or Town Council
depending on how the Town Code defines the restaurant, costing the applicant $7,124.67 and
$12,062.79 respectively, and typically taking anywhere from three to seven months for
approval. In contrast, the DRC process takes about six to eight weeks and costs the applicant
$4,335.68 to apply. This process still incorporates public noticing, input, and a full public
hearing.
Attachment 5 provides a second streamlining opportunity that could both assist existing
businesses and provide a draw for new businesses considering Los Gatos. This resolution would
reassign the duties for minor exterior alterations on a commercial building from the DRC to the
staff level with a building permit. Staff would use the provisions in the Town Code and
Commercial Design Guidelines to determine if the alteration is appropriate, and to ensure the
compatibility of the exterior modification.
Such modifications could include changes to windows, awnings, or doors on an existing store
front, and would require that they meet the same provisions currently outlined in the
Commercial Design Guidelines. If the building is deemed historic, consideration by the Historic
Preservation Committee would still be required; however, after this consideration the applicant
could go straight to building permits. Removing the need for DRC approval reduces the process
by six to eight weeks and $2,515.50.
—Comment—modest changes in process with significant time and money savings. Worth
the experiment.
Respectfully,
John Shepardson, Esq.
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Intentionally
Left Blank
Cool Fixes for Hot Cities
Part 2: Los Angeles
September 12, 2018
Hosted by:
U.S. EPA Heat Island Reduction Program
Pavement Choices for Cooler
Cities
Kurt Shickman
Global Cool Cities Alliance
1.Overview
2.Performance and Impact
3.Considerations
4.Product Round-up
Global Cool Cities Alliance (GCCA)
The Global Cool Cities Alliance is dedicated to advancing policies
and actions that reduce excess urban heat in order to cool
buildings, cool cities, and to mitigate the effects of climate change
through global cooling.
CoolRoofToolkit.org
20
Overview
Pavement makes up 1/3rd of the average city
Of that third, about
•45% are streets (usually asphalt concrete)
•15% are sidewalks (usually cement concrete)
•40% is exposed parking (usually asphalt concrete)
Two options for cooler pavements
High solar reflectivity
Cools by reflecting, rather than
absorbing, solar energy
Permeable/porous
Cools via evapotranspiration
22
Reflectivity of common urban surfaces
(also known as albedo)
Overview
Common Albedo Values (Emerald Cities)
Fresh Asphalt 0.05 Fresh Grey Portland Cement 0.35
Black Soil 0.13 Desert Sand 0.40
Bare Soil (land)0.17 Cool Pavement Coatings +0.50
Aged Asphalt 0.20 Arctic Region 0.77
Green Grass 0.25 White Portland Cement 0.80
Aged Portland Cement 0.29 White Roof Coatings 0.88
23
Performance and Impact
Higher solar reflectance (SR) =
lower surface temperatures
SR 0.06
58.8°C (138°F)
SR 0.32
46.2°C (115°F)
SR 0.46
41.4°C (107°F)
•Measurements performed in Berkeley, 26 June 2012
•Air temperature 22.5°C (72.5°F), no wind or clouds
Increasing pavement SR by 0.1 decreases temperature ≈7°F (4°C)
Performance and Impact
Cool pavements pilot results (Tokyo)
25
Performance and Impact
Longer pavement life
Source: Pomerantz, Akbari, Harvey (2000)
26
Performance and Impact
Enhanced visibility and safety
•Nighttime illumination
•Reflected illumination is roughly proportional to solar
reflectance
Source: Pomerantz et al (2003)
27
Performance and Impact
Energy savings
•Reduced energy for street lighting
–Enhanced illumination or fewer fixtures
Dark pavement
39 light
fixtures =
Light pavement
27 light
fixtures
Source: Stark, R.A. (1986)
May also enhance building daylighting. Impact on air conditioning use
is building specific.
28
Preserved water quality
•EPA’s Clean Water Act addresses heat
pollution –temperature is “pollutant
of concern”
•Ultra urban streams warm by 8°F one
hour after summer squalls
•A change of 5°F over 5 hours can
induce stress in most desirable
species of fish
Brook Trout
Source: US EPAPhoto: Eric Engbretson
29
Performance and Impact
Improved outdoor comfort
•An urban park in
Athens, Greece
installed 4,500 m2
of cool pavements
•Reduced peak air
temperatures by
2°C (Santamouris et
al. 2012)
Flisvos Park in Athens, Greece (Santamouris et al. 2012)
30
Performance and Impact
Air temperature reductions –city scale
Source: LBNL, UC Davis & USC. Life-Cycle Assessment and Co-Benefits of Cool Pavements
Simulated cooling rate of 0.9°C per 0.1 SR increase is in line with other major findings
31
Considerations
Issues to consider (relatively minor)
Reflectivity changes over time Shading from trees, buildings, cars
etc. may lessen urban heat island
reduction potential of pavements
32
Considerations
Issues to consider (uncertain)
Pavement/Building Interactions are a
Complex System
•Building orientation, vintage,
window:wall ratio, proximity
to pavement
•Possible increase in
reflectivity-related cooling
demand
•Possible reduction in cooling
demand due to cooler air
•Possible reduction in internal
lighting loads
33
Considerations
Issues to consider (potentially major)
•First cost (1.5 –2.5x premium in some cases)
•Impact on recyclability of asphalt pavement
•Potentially negative impact on pedestrian comfort due
to radiated solar energy, if not paired with shade
solutions.
•Lifecycle global warming potential (GWP) may outweigh
urban heat island benefit.
Product Round-UP
Cool Pavement Options
Lighter aggregate
(asphalt)
Coatings, slurries, overlays
(asphalt)
Fine light aggregate
(cement)
Slag addition
(cement)
Permeable/Pervious
Clear resin (w/light
aggregate)
Grass pavers
Titanium dioxide
(TiO2) addition
What’s Next for Cool Pavements?
More pilots (e.g., Los Angeles, Melbourne, Athens, Tokyo, Chula Vista)
More locally relevant studies/discussions (e.g., AB296, New York City)
More innovation (price point, GWP, broader product offerings)
40
Thank you!
GlobalCoolCities.org
CoolRoofToolkit.org
kurt@globalcoolcities.org
202-550-5852
@globalcoolcity
Overview of Cool Pavements
for Heat Island Reduction -
Supplemental Slides
Kurt Shickman
Global Cool Cities Alliance
Product Round-UP
Cool Coatings Products
Plexipave Acrylotex – acrylic coating
California (CA) cost ($/m2): $7.50 -$12 (installed)
SR: 0.2 -0.4
GAF Streetbond Durashield – acrylic coating
CA cost ($/m2) -$1.70 (material)
SR: 0.36
GAF Streetbond 120 & 150 – epoxy-modified acrylic coating
CA cost ($/m2) -$6 -$9 (materials)
SR: 0.30 – 0.60
Product Round-UP
Seal Coat Products
Western Colloid Armor Top – asphaltic coating
CA cost ($/m2): $1.50 -$2 (material)
SR: 0.19 -0.25
Guard Top Cool Seal – water-based asphaltic coating
CA cost ($/m2) -$1.90 -$2.60 (material)
SR: 0.27 – 0.33
Product Round-UP
Overlay Products
Polycon E-Krete – Polymer Composite Micro Overlay
CA cost ($/m2): $4.00 -$4.80 (material)
SR: 0.36 -0.42
E-Pave I and II – cold applied Polymer Enhanced Composite
CA cost ($/m2) -unknown
SR: unknown
Acrypave Tuff Seal – Portland-based Polymer Micro Overlay
CA cost ($/m2) -$5.40 -$10.80 (material)
SR: 0.34
Product Round-UP
Resin Products
Soil Stabilization Services NaturalPave – resin asphalt additive
CA cost ($/m2): $21.50 -$54.00 (material)
SR: Up to 0.45 (depending on aggregate color
Connect with the Heat Island Program
Victoria Ludwig
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
202-343-9291
Webcast Feedback Form
Heat Island Program Website
EPA Heat Island Newsletter Sign-Up