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Attachment 1 Exhibit 9 part 2LOS GATOS_GENERAL TREE PROTECTION DIRECTIONS Note that the following is excerpted from Division 2 (Tree Protection) of the Los Gatos Town Code and does not constitute the complete Division 2 text. The owner /applicant is responsible for implementing all pertinent requirements of the Code relative to tree protection. Sec. 29.10. 1000 New Property Development (1) The final approved Tree Preservation Report shall be included in the building permit set of development plans and printed on a sheets titled: Tree Preservation Instruction (Sheet T -1 T -2 etc.. These Sheets shall be referenced on all relevant sheets (civil, demolition, utility, landscape, irrigation) where tree impacts from improvements may be shown to occur. (3.b.) The site or landscape plans shall indicate which trees are to be removed However, the plans do not constitute approval to remove a tree until a separate permit is aranted The property owner or applicant shall obtain a protected tree removal permit, as outlined in section 29.10.0980 for each tree to be removed to satisfy the purpose of this definition. (3.e.) Protective fencing inspection: Prior to issuance of any demolition, grading or building permit, the applicant or contractor shall submit to the building department a written statement verifying that the required tree protection fence is installed around street trees and protected trees in accordance with the Tree Preservation Report. (1a.) An applicant with a proposed development which reauires underground utilities shall avoid the installation of said utilities within the drioline of existina trees whenever possible In the event that this is unavoidable, all trenching shall be done using directional boring, air - spade excavation or by hand, taking extreme caution to avoid damage to the root structure. Work within the dripline of existing trees shall be supervised at all times by a certified or consulting arborist. Section 29.10.1005 Protection of Trees During Construction a) Protective tree fencing shall specify the followina: 1) Size and materials: A five (5) or six (6) foot high chain link fencing, mounted on two -inch diameter galvanized iron posts, shall be driven into the ground to a depth of at least two (2) feet at no more than 10 -foot spacing. For paving area that will not be demolished and when stipulated in a tree preservation plan, posts may be supported by a concrete base. 2) Area type to be fenced. Type I: Enclosure with chain link fencing of either the entire dripline area or at the tree protection zone (TPZ), when specified by a certified or consulting arborist'. Type II: Enclosure for street trees located in a planter strip: chain link fence around the entire planter strip to the outer branches. Type III: Protection for a tree located in a small planter cutout only (such as downtown): orange plastic fencing shall be wrapped around the trunk from the ground to the first branch with 2 -inch wooden boards bound securely on the outside. Caution shall be used to avoid damaging any bark or branches. 3) Duration of Type I, II, III fencing. Fencing shall be erected before demolition, grading or construction begins and remain in place until final landscaping is required. Contractor shall If it is not possible to place Type 1 or Type 2 tree protection fencing at the dripline due to the construction, then place the fencing as far from the trunk as possible, including as much of the dripline as possible, while still allowing for enough room to build improvements. If this happens to be within all or some of the dripline, then so be it. But the contractor must try to fence off as much area under the canopy as possible, do not be irresponsible about this. first obtain the approval of the project arborist on record prior to removing a tree protection fence. 4) Warning sign. Each tree fence shall have prominently displayed an 8.5 x 1 1 -inch sign stating: "Warning —Tree Protection Zone -this fence shall not be removed and is subject to penalty according to Town Code 29.10.1025'. b) All persons shall comply with the following precautions: 1) Prior to the commencement of construction, install the fence at the dripline, or tree protection zone (TPZ) when specified in an approved arborist report, around any tree and /or vegetation to be retained which could be affected by the construction and prohibit any storage of construction materials or other materials or vehicles inside the fence. The dripline shall not be altered in any way so as to increase the encroachment of the construction. 2) Prohibit excavation, grading, drainage and leveling within the dripline of the tree unless approved by the director. 3) Prohibit disposal or depositing of oil, gasoline, chemicals or other harmful materials within the dripline of or In drainage channels, swales or areas that may lead to the dripline of a protected tree 4) Prohibit the attachment of wires, signs or ropes to any protected tree. 5) Design utility services and Irrigation lines to be located outside of the dripline when feasible. 6) Retain the services of the certified or consulting arborist for periodic monitoring of the project site and the health of those trees to be preserved. The certified or consulting arborist shall be present whenever activities occur that pose a potential threat to the health of the trees to be preserved. 7) The director and project arborist shall be notified of any damage that occurs to a protected tree during construction so that proper treatment may be administered. Section 29.10.1010 Prunina and Maintenance All pruning of protected trees shall be consistent with the current edition of Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, established by the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) and any special conditions as determined by the Director. For developments, which require a tree preservation report, a certified or consulting arborist shall be in reasonable charge of all activities involving protected trees including cabling, and fertilizing if specified. 1) Any public utility installing or maintaining any overhead wires or underground pies or conduits in the vicinity of a protected tree shall obtain permission from the Director before performing any work, including pruning, which may cause injury to a protected tree (e.g. cable TV /fiber optic trenching, gas, water, sewer trench, etc.) 2) Pruning for clearance of utility lines and energized conductors shall be performed in compliance with the current version of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A300 (Part 1) - Pruning, Section 5.9 Utility Pruning. Using spikes or gaffs when pruning is prohibited. University of Caff-ornia Agriculture and • Resources http: f/ anrcatalog .ucdavis,edul>'ublication 21538 LIWNG RM11 A Management Guide for Woodland Owners and ManagerskJ. Author. DOUGLAS D. MCCREARY, Natural Resources Specialist, UC Cooperative Extension Technical Editors: WILLIAM D. TIETJE, Natural Resources Specialist, UC Cooperative Extension; SABRINA L. DRILL, Natural Resources Advisor, UC Cooperat ve Extension; GREGORYA. GIUSTI lion. Forests and Wildiand Ecology Advisor, UC Cooperative Extension; LAURENCE R. COSTELLO, „• Environmental Horticulture Advisor, Emeritus, UC Cooperative ExrP,j.,,, ' f I L b hat is more characteristic of the California landscape than the oak? Round - crowned oaks dapple the rolling hills, solitary monarchs shade our rural roads, and valley giants stretch skyward in banners of leaves and lichen. Both past and present -day travelers have stopped in awe of our native oaks, and countless photo- graphs and memories are framed by their spreading, weather -worn branches. The oak is particularly emblematic of the inland regions of California, where scattered oaks, rolling pastures, and distant cattle are common elements of an infinitely variable and ever - changing landscape. In this region —often called the hardwood range or oak woodlands by land managers —the vistas of oaks, pasture, and livestock bestow a tranquility that sometimes belies the fourth element: people. Like the earliest Californians, people today come to the oak woodlands for food, shelter, and beauty. Many consider oak woodlands a landscape of Cali- fornia that symbolizes values we hold dear — strength, beauty, adaptability, and longevity. But intensifying land use in oak woodlands has brought problems along with it: soil erosion, reduced forage production, poor regeneration for some oak species, and degraded wildlife habitats. Oak woodlands today are clearly showing the effects of the last 200 years of human habitation. j Oaks provide • shade and shelter • wildlife and fisheries habitat • soit protection (erosion control) • increased property values • beautiful landscapes • food and fuel • recreational opportunities it Q, All Californians can assist in the protection and enhancement of native oak resources, but nobody is in a better position to do so than the owners and managers of oak woodlands. Those who own homes or property in the oak landscape can help shape the future by their decisions, which collectively direct the management and land use of more than 7 million acres (2.8 million hectares) of the state. This publication is designed primarily for the owners of home lots or small acreages, but owners and managers of larger proper- ties can also apply much of the infor- mation, especially to areas where native oaks grow around the ranch home. It brings together helpful information about living —and making a living— among the oaks.'Ibe University of California Oak Woodland Conserva- tion Workgroup hopes that you will find this information useful as you manage your land and make decisions that shape the future of California's oaks and oak woodlands. Living among the Oaks ANR Publication 21538 California has 21 native species of oak in the genus Quercus, 10 of which grow to tree size. Of these, 8 are conspicuous members of the oak woodland plant community. All are relatively slow growing and long lived. Valley oak (Q. lobato) This tall, spreading, winter- deciduous oak was once an important member of the Central Valley's riparian forests, but agricultural conver- sions and development have greatly reduced the acreage it Occupies- From Shasta County to Los Angeles County, it is still a conspicuous oak in the landscape, especially in valley bottoms and on deep alluvial soil. It is the largest oak in California. "s 0 e Blue oak (Q. douglasii) This deciduous oak is the r dominant oak in the wood• Y t r lands from Shasta County to Kern County, growing in J •� the foothills of the Sierra - Nevada, Coast, and Trans- verse mountain ranges. It _�� :g Ja often grows in association` with interior live oak (Q, n wislizeni) and foothill pine S (Pinus sabiniana) and toler- ates relatively harsh sites. In addition to dropping its leaves in winter, it exhibits drought deciduousness -that is, the capacity to shed foliage earlier than normal in response to drought. coast live oak (Q. agrifolia) This evergreen oak occurs from -- southern Mendocino County southward into northern Baja California, primarily in the Coast Range. On favorable sites attains a rounded, spread - ', soften 'g ing appearance. It is a member of the black oak subgenera and is one of four California oak species that is susceptible to s Sudden Oak Death. Interior live oak (Q. wislizeni) This evergreen oak is widely This evergreen oak is widely V-�'Jdistributed in California from i Siskiyou County south to Baja f r , California . It is abundant in the .° Sierra Nevada foothills, and in the Coast Range it occupies ' r ti_ higher, drier, and more inland sites than does coast live oak. x It is generally found in more h': heavily wooded sites than blue 4. oak, and in chaparral habitats i. or other dry locations it often - develops a shrubby form. Engelmann oak (Q. engelmonnii) This semideciduous oak has a narrow distribution, primarily in western San Diego County, where it replaces blue oak as the dominant species. It has been severely impacted by agri- cultural conversions and, along with blue oak and valley oak, is not regenerating well. I .A California black oak (Q. kelloggli) This species is a member of the black oak subgenera and loses its leaves in winter. It most commonly grows in mountainous areas, and in the Sierra Nevada it is an important component of the mixed- conifer forests. It typi- cally receives more than 25 inches , ,�.»,: =' (64 cm) of annual precipitation and produces a strong reddish -brown wood that is compared to northern red oak (Q. rubra). its acorns were considered the best tasting by many tribes of Native Americans throughout the state. Oregon white oak (Q. garryana) This deciduous white oak is common in northern California and extends far north, all the way to Vancouver Island in British Columbia. It prefers a moderate climate with warm summers and freezing winters and between 20 and 50 inches (51 and 128 cm) of precipitation. In Califor- nia it grows in a variety of habitats and is often associated with bay laurel (umbellularia californica), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), black oak, Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus). Canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis) This evergreen species has a broad distribution, extending from Oregon to Baja California, and it can grow from sea level to high in the moun- tains. The wood is very strong and close grained and was originally used for tools and implement handles; hence one of its common names is maul oak. Another common name is gold cup oak, because it has fine yellow powder covering the acorn cup, or cap. Living among the Oaks Needs and Conflicts In designing and building homes, gardens, orchards, and places for animals, your decisions are shaped by your overall objectives for your land. Whether your land is a residential site, used for grazing, or maintained as natural open space, you will need to consider various management options. As you choose management approaches for your land, also take into account your oak trees and evaluate whether or not your planned activities are compatible with oak conservation and the basic needs of the trees. Remember that well- managed oak woodlands can also help enhance other natural resources, such as soil and water. Careful planning and design can often provide benefits for both people and oaks. Past development among the oaks has revealed specific areas of conflict. Often impacts to oaks have not been adequately addressed in planning documents and mitigation require- ments. But a 2004 California state law (Public Resources Code § 21083.4) requires mitigation if projects in oak woodlands have significant impacts on the environment. It has also become apparent that, in addition to the removal of trees, certain construc- tion practices can seriously injure or kill oaks. Construction activities can increase (or decrease) fire hazards, creating liability and management problems. Gardening practices such as amending the soil, planting lawns, or irrigating under established oaks can damage them. Domestic animals, as well as insect and disease pests, also can take a toll. In combination, these elements can present formidable obstacles to the health and survival of oak trees. However, harmful effects can be minimized by thoughtful manage- ment practices. And how we manage oak woodlands will likely become even more critical under the stresses associ- ated with climate change. Building around Oaks: Protecting the Root Zone The most vulnerable part of a mature oak tree is the root system and, in particular, the root crown at the base of the trunk. Although most oaks do have a deep taproot, many oak roots are relatively shallow and extend outward from the root crown, reaching some distance beyond the tree's drip line (the outermost edge of a tree's foliage). For management Purposes, think of a tree's root zone as extending out at least one -third farther than the distance to the drip line. Ideally there should be no distur- bance within this zone. This means no grading, digging, trenching, using of fill soils, covering the ground with asphalt or concrete, or landscaping with plants that require more than two or three summer waterings. Also, excessive foot traffic, operating heavy equipment, and parking vehicles (particularly heavy ones) should be avoided in this zone to avoid compac- tion. It is preferable to retain natural litter (fallen leaves, twigs, and bark) or add mulch to cover the soil surface. If modifications are unavoidable, strive to keep this area in as natural a condi- tion as possible, and keep ground disturbance as far away from a tree's trunk as possible. ANR Publication 21538 3 Dneats to the Root Zone The following human activities are the ones that most commonly alter a tree's root environment, potentially damaging or killing it. F20 CONSTRUCTil DANGER: Proceed with CAUTION / Changes in grade. This includes any changes in the ground level under the tree, either by mounding up soil or removing it Excavating soil can directly cut and destroy roots and expose them to damage from surface activities. Mounding up soil can reduce oxygen to the roots. Depending on climate and soil moisture, addi- tions of soil can also encourage root rots. Use retaining walls outside of the drip line to protect the natural grade under the tree. If there is no alterna- tive to adding soil within the drip line, consult a qualified arborist specializing in oaks for strategies to minimize injury. Also, review the publications listed in the "References" section. Changes in drainage. Irrigation and changes in the drainage around an oak can result in water in the root zone during the summer when soil temperatures are high and soils are normally dry.'Ihis can promote the 4 ANR Publication 21538 proliferation of harmful soil microor- ganisms that injure roots. Saturated soils can also inhibit oxygen move- ment into the root zone.These factors can ultimately result in tree death. that should always be left undisturbed and preferably covered with mulch. Trenching. Trenching is a leading cause of tree mortality. When utility trenches are dug into the root zone, major portions of a tree's root system may be cut or damaged. When several large roots are damaged, tree death may follow. Trenching in the root zone should be avoided when- ever possible. If trenching cannot be avoided, identify the location of lateral roots using a pneumatic trenching tool. Probably the best alternative to trenching is to place utilities in a conduit that is bored through the soil. If utility conduits are unavailable, try to have all utilities Placed in a single trench, as multiple Soil compaction. Heavy foot trenching causes greater damage. traffic or the operation of heavy equipment can cause soil compac- tion, especially when the soil is wet. Compaction causes the spaces between soil particles to become compressed, reducing gas exchange. Since gas exchange is needed for root function, compaction can cause significant injury to oaks. When the ground is covered with nonporous materials such as asphalt or concrete, the free passage of moisture, air, and other gases within the root zone is impeded. In addition, soil compac- tion can occur in preparation for and during paving. As an alternative to common paving materials (asphalt and concrete), there are porous materials that are more compatible with the oak environment and make excellent ground coverings. Regard- less of the permeability of the ground covering, nothing should be placed within a 6 -foot (1.8 m) radius of a tree's trunk.This is the minimum area / AT RISK: beid Trenching, dampaction, and Grade \ hanger in th Gootiene Uying among the Oaks local soil moisture, and watch for bank or hillside cuts that could alter drainage patterns. Fire in California's Oak Woodlands Californians are keenly aware that fires regularly occur in our state and can have devastating consequences. Recently there have been some cata- strophic fires in oak woodlands. The severity of these fires was partially due to fire suppression activities during the last 100 years that have increased fuel loads and made it more difficult to suppress or contain woodland foes that do start, especially during extreme fire weather. Also, more people are now living within these fire -prone ecosystems, which compli- cates fire- fighting activities. One consequence of the recent spate of fires was the revision of the California state law that requires fuel reductions around homes and the removal of vegetation that could help fires spread (Public Resources Code § 4291). Increasing clearances and removing "ladder fuels" can greatly reduce the risk that homes in the paths of fires will be lost. Once the fires have passed and the embers have cooled, property owners want to know if their oaks have been killed. Often they haven't been -Even Disturbance beyond the root zone. .f f the leaves on an oak tree have Beyond the root zone mature oaks are usually less affected by landform and drainage changes, soil compaction, paving, and trenching activities. But indirect effects must still be considered. Avoid fill materials that could alter flow patterns, resulting in water collecting around trees. Consider the effects of nearby ponds or swimming pools on 0 been scorched and the tree looks dead, new leaves will often emerge and start to grow the following spring ---or even sooner —and the tree may suffer little long -term damage. It is therefore important to wait until the following year to determine if trees have been killed from fire. And even if the aboveground trunk has Living among the Oaks ANR Publication 21538 Below is a selection of California native plants that require little water and can therefore be used in landscaping under and around oak trees. Once established— usually after a year —they require little care, minimal water, and offer beautiful foliage. Sometimes they have showy blossoms with pleasant fragrances as well. When planting near oaks, avoid injury to roots while digging planting holes, and stay outside the drip line if possible. Also add mulch after planting to help conserve soil moisture. Shrubs (partial shade) Carpenteria cal:fornica, carpenteria Ceanothus spp., wild Mats- C. grisew, C. thysrifiorus, C. maritirnw, plus cultivar" C Joyce Coulter, C. Ray Hartman. Cercis orcidentalis, western tedbud Cercocarpus betuloider, mountain- mahogany Eriogonum arborercens, Santa Cruz Island wild buckwheat Garrya elliptira, silk- tassel bush Heteromelm arbutifolia wyon Mahonia spp., barberries and mahonias: M, dictyota, M. fremontii, M. haematocarpa, M pinnata Prrrnus ilicifolia, holly -leaf cherry Rhamnus californica, coffeeberry Riber spp., gooseberries: R. aurme, vat, grarillimum, R. malvareum, R. speriomm, R. ranguinium, R. vibwn folium Rosa cal fornica, California wild rose Rosa californica, Plena, double California rose Salvia ckvelandii, San Diego wild sage Salvia leacophylla, coastal white sage Shrubs (full sun) Fremontodendwn cal fornirum, F. mexicanum and cultivars, Fremontia, flannel bush, California Glory, Pacific Sunset Galvezia speciosa, island snapdragon Lupims albions, silver bush lupine Lupinus chamissomi, Chamisso bush lupine Mimulus aurantiacur, bush monkey flower Mimuluspuniceus, red monkey flower Penstemon develandii, Cleveland's pnstemon, and other species Romneya co dteri, matilija poppy Ground covers Baccharis pilularir sap, pilularis, dwarf coyote bush CeanoMwgrireus var. horizmtalis, Carmel creeper Ceanothus maritimus, Hoover ceanothus Ribes viburnifolium, Catalina currant Evergreen herbaceous plants Dryopteris arguta, wood fern Eriogonum umbellatum var. polyanthum, buckwheat Heuchera maxima, giant alum root Iris douglasiana and hybrids Viguiera deltoidea var. parishii Deciduous or annual herbaceous plants Clarkia slip., darkias Collinsia spp., Chinese houses Dodecatbeon clevelandii, shooting stars Eschsrholzia spp., poppies Manna perfoliata, miners lettuce Nemophila menziesii, baby blue eyes Oenotbera spp., evening primroses Sisyrinchium bellum, blue -eyed grass Viola pedunmidia, yellow pansy Zaurchneria californica, California wild fuchsia Bulbs Brodiaea species and related genera: Dichelostemma pultbellum 7biteleia laxa Calochortus spp., Mariposa lilies Chlorogalum pomeridianum, soap plant Liliumpardalinum, leopard lily 7}i11ium rhloropetalum, common trillium For more information about these and other California native plants compatible with oak gardens, including which species are native to your part of California, contact local arboreta, botanical gardens, and the California Native Plant Society (see "Online Resources "). Fungus danger SOnei Keep dry and weR drained Root zone It is essential to limit activities in the root zone that could damage the tree's roots. c w 0 O D V R c E a 8 tl u 6 ANR publication 21538 been so severely damaged that the tree dies and has to be cut down, oaks will generally sprout from their stump. These sprouts can eventu- ally grow into a new tree, and much more quickly than when planted as acorns. While fires are generally not good for trees, oaks have evolved in an environment where regular fires have always occurred. As a result, they are well adapted to survive this natural phenomenon. Fire in California's oak woodlands is an ongoing threat. by the time symptoms appear, the tree is declining and remedies may be too late. A qualified arborist should be called when the following symptoms are noticed: • Loss of tree vigor, twig dieback and wilting, abnormally yellowish leaves, and wounds on the bark that ooze rust- colored fluid.These symptoms are indicators of crown rot (Phytophthora spp.). • Foliage turning brown, and the oozing of a dark brown, viscous fluid from the trunk.Ihese symptoms are often accompanied by the presence of bark beetles and fruiting bodies of Hypoxylon fungus on the trunk of the tree. These are symptoms of Phytophthora ramorum, the agent responsible for Sudden Oak Death (see below). Oak Pests Oaks in natural settings are relatively resistant to severe damage from pests, especially native pests that have co- evolved with oaks (but see the section on Sudden Oak Death, below). However, when compromised by soil compaction, changes in soil moisture, or other disturbances, trees can have difficulty fending off organ- isms that cause injury. In some cases, Living among the Oaks later infect other trees —even after the death and removal of the host plant. Fruit trees and landscape plants nearby, particularly those that are irri- gated during the summer, may also be subject to infections. • Dieback of branches, emergence of honey- colored mushrooms at or near the base of the tree in the early winter, often accompanied by a white fan - shaped fungus growth between the bark and sapwood, and black shoestringlike structures in the soil.Ihese are indicators of a serious disease called oak root fungus, Armillaria mellea. Armillaria is often present on the roots of wildland oaks, even when there are no obvious outward symptoms. Under natural conditions this disease is rather benign, and it is held in check by summer drought. However, Armillaria thrives in warm, moist conditions —a situation that is created when the area under a tree is watered during the summer. Once the roots of a tree are seriously infected, the fungus can persist in soil organic material for many years and can Heart rot is common in mature oaks. U 0 Another fungal malady, called heart rot, occurs when one of several wood decay fungi degrades the heart- wood of an oak. Although this does not usually impair the tree's vigor, it does weaken it structurally. Weakened branches can break off and a weak- ened trunk may not be able to support the crown, especially during a wind- storm. Heart rot commonly develops in large pruning wounds. Regular examination of the tree and judicious pruning and bracing can prolong the life of an oak with heart rot. Mistletoes These parasitic plants grow in the branches of many oaks and can cause structural weaknesses that make the tree more vulnerable to branch break- age. Small infestations may affect the appearance of a tree but generally have little impact on tree health or vigor. Even large infestations, which Living among the Oaks ANR Publication 21538 7 can weaken trees, rarely kill them. Mistletoes can be controlled in a van - Cry of ways, including removing the infected branches or using registered herbicides. It should be noted that mistletoes are native and beneficial for a variety of bird species that eat the berries and even for deer, which will eat mistletoe foliage that has fallen to the ground. Spanish moss The Spanish moss that grows in Cali- fornia is actually not a true moss but a lichen. (The Spanish moss that grows in the southern states is neither a moss nor a lichen, but a bromeliad.) It is not parasitic so is not a serious threat to oaks. Tree growth may be slightly reduced due to shading of leaves in a tree heavily laden with Spanish moss, but the situation is not life threaten- ing and can be reduced by pruning infested branches. Many people consider Spanish moss an attractive adornment to their oak trees. Insectpests Innumerable insects live on the leaves, branches, trunk, and roots of oak trees, usually without much adverse impact -- especially if the tree is vigor- ous and healthy. Most oak galls, for example, are harmless swellings in response to enzymes released when small gall wasps lay their eggs and the larvae begin to feed. Some of these galls look like dangling Christmas ornaments, while others form exotic multicolored shapes on oak leaves that can resemble sea urchins, sponges, or Chinese hats. Colorful galls caused by gall wasps are common on twigs, branches, and leaves. Some insect pests do cause injury, however. For instance, pit scales (appearing as pinhead -size scales on the bark of twigs and small branches), oak moths, and other leaf - eating insects are relatively common on a number of oak species and can have striking effects during severe outbreaks. However, even when trees are completely defoliated, they usually recover the following year with little long -term damage, although growth during defoliation is minimal because Of greatly reduced photosynthesis. Some insecticides are registered to treat oak insects, but often by the time the symptoms become evident, it is too late for treatment. Oaks and the associated native insects have evolved together and rarely are trees seriously damaged or killed by them. A serious new insect pest, however, believed to have recently arrived from Arizona or Mexico, is the golden spotted oak borer (4grilus coxalis), which is actively spreading and killing coast live oaks in San Diego County. The golden spotted oak borer is killing oaks in San Diego County. Mammal pests In most cases, mammals pose little threat to mature oaks. Browsing or grazing animals may inhibit natural regeneration by chewing on small seedlings, but rarely do they seriously damage mature trees. There have been cases, however, where popula- tions of ground squirrels or other 8 ANR Publication 21538 Sudden Oak Death continues to kill oaks in 14 coastal counties. ground - dwelling rodents have caused damage to oak roots or girdled young stems. Take measures to control these populations if oak vigor is diminished or if there is extensive excavation by animals in the root zone. The aboveground part of seedlings or saplings can be protected by fencing, wire cages, or treeshelters (see below). The roots of seedlings planted in such areas can be protected belowground by covering the root ball at the time of planting with a wire cage. Sudden Oak Death Sudden Oak Death (SOD) is a relatively new disease that affects several native California oak species. It is caused by Phytophthora ra"", a funguslike water mold that causes bark cankers which can girdle and kill mature trees. To date, four of Living among the Oaks MANAGING AND ENHANCING OAK RESOURCES California's 21 species of native oaks are susceptible to this disease: coast live oak, California black oak, Shreve's oak (Q. parvula var. shrevei), and canyon live oak. Currently it does not appear that members of the white oak subgenus, including blue and valley oaks, are susceptible. As of 2009, SOD had been confirmed in 14 coastal counties, extending from Monterey to Humboldt, with locally devastating effects. Fortunately, it appears that conditions further inland (e.g., the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada foothills) are too hot and dry to permit its spread there.There is an extensive research, monitoring, and education program — coordinated by the California Oak Mortality Task Force —to curtail the spread of this disease and minimize its impact. Livestock grazing has been the dominant land use throughout a majority of the oak woodlands since European settlement, and this use has contributed to the open, pastoral character of much of Californias countryside. But it is also in portions of this region that the regeneration for several oak species has been poor, especially during the last 100 years. Cattle are the oft -named culprits since they consume acorns and seedlings and browse saplings and mature trees. They can also compact rangeland soils and remove organic matter. Compac- tion makes it harder for young roots to grow downward, and removing organic matter can diminish soil fertility. However, there are situations where oak regeneration remains poor even when livestock are absent. Obvi- ously the oak regeneration problem is more complex, and factors other than livestock are also involved.These may include the replacement of native perennial bunchgrasses by introduced Mediterranean annuals; greater hare, deer, gopher, and ground squirrel popu- lations; insect and soil fauna changes; and alterations in the populations of acorn- and seedling -eating animals. Whatever the causes, it appears that management intervention is now needed —of both land and oaks — if oak trees are to continue their tradi- tional and ecological role as a keystone species on the hardwood range. Living among the Oaks Check for tree growth Tree size is not a good indicator of health. Oaks growing on steep, dry site may be smaller than others nearby but may still be very healthy. Twig growth for the season can vary greatly. however, the tree may be declining. ANR Publication 21538 If twig growth is less each year, • Look for bark growth cracks on a tree's trunk. Cracks appear as widening fissures on existing bark. Tissue in the cracks should be bright green or pink when scratched. Loose bark indicates dead tissue. Check for pests and stress • Watch for disease or insect infestations indicated by leaf loss, changes in leaf color, twig dieback, sooty foliage, wet sticky foliage, or other significant changes in appearance. • Watch for twig and branch dieback. This can be an indication of disease, root loss, or other root -zone problems. • Watch for emergence of clumps of honey- colored mushrooms at or near the base of a tree in the fall and early winter. These are often accompanied by a white, fan - shaped fungal growth between the bark and sapwood. These symptoms accompany oak root fungus, Armillorio mellea. • Early leaf loss may signal declining vigor —but not always. Deciduous oaks have been noted as being drought deciduous. This occurs during dry years when soil moisture is depleted early and oaks shed their leaves early to help conserve moisture. Deciduous oaks normally do not lose their leaves until late November —but under very dry conditions, they can shed leaves in midsummer. Early leaf loss appears to cause little long -term damage. Check for structural weakness Oaks growing in a natural setting usually do not require pruning. However if dead or dying branches pose a safety hazard or threaten buildings, have them pruned or cabled by a qualified arborist. Watch for developing structural weaknesses caused by wood decay, mistletoe, heavy foliage, or poor branch structure. Co- dominant stems, branch attachments with included bark, long horizontal limbs, extensive decay in branches, and cracks developing in crotches are all indications of weak structure. Consult a qualified arborist to determine if pruning will improve structural stability. Avoid damage to structural roots. Check for poor drainage • Standing water should not be present within a tree's root zone. • Building, landscaping, or other activities near oaks should not alter drainage patterns in a way that increases water in the root zone. • Avoid compaction in the root zone. Check the root crown condition by digging carefully at the base of the tree • A characteristic root flare at the base of the tree should be obvious. If not, the trunk has been buried and the soil should be excavated to the original grade. • Large decay pockets at the root crown may indicate a dangerous condition, and a qualified arborist should evaluate the tree for structural integrity. 10 ANR Publication 21538 In managing land, animals, plants, and other resources, there are many things landowners can do to encourage healthy, vigorous oak populations. Some basic manage- ment considerations are discussed in the following section. But, in making management decisions that affect your oaks, your greatest guidance may come from your own observa- tions and experiences. Oaks, and the ecological settings where they grow, vary tremendously from place to place, meaning that no one type of management is appropriate for all situations. So, before making deci- sions, study what is actually taking place on your land and experiment with what you do. You may discover techniques that could also be useful to other landowners. Oaks and Grazing Animals trees or seedlings can help alleviate problems. If damage is severe, you may want to consult a qualified arborist for remedial treatments. Grazing and browsing animals are ubiquitous components of oak wood- lands, but they can damage mature trees as well as seedlings. Watch your trees for signs of damage and take care that the number of animals congregating under them does not cause excessive soil compaction, expose the root crown at the base of the trunk, or expose surface roots. Also watch for excessive chewing on tree trunks. Horses and goats can kill trees by chewing off the bark around the entire circumference of the tree, thereby girdling it -These types of problems are more likely in pastures where animals are concentrated. Measures such as reducing numbers of animals, alternating pastures in use, and installing exclosures, screens, treeshelters, or other protective devices to keep animals away from sensitive pasture management In managing your pastures, always remember the general recommenda- tion against summer watering of oaks. If your pastures are irrigated in the summer, adjust irrigation systems to apply water outside of the root zone only. Adjusting watering schedules to infrequent but long periods of irrigation will also reduce stress on oaks. Always try to keep the base of the tree dry. Observe the location of watering devices and other water sources to make sure that the area beneath an oaks canopy does not become wet from leaky water lines, valves, holding tanks, or from animals splashing in troughs. Promoting Oak Regeneration As noted previously, there is evidence that several species of native oaks in California — particularly blue oak, valley oak, and Engelmann oak —are Living among the Oaks not regenerating well in certain areas of the state. In addition to poor natu- ral regeneration, the total acreage of these species has been depleted from residential and commercial develop- ment, range improvement, agricultural conversions, and firewood harvesting. To ensure that these species remain important components of the natural landscape of California, it may be necessary to encourage natural regen- eration or to actively restore oaks by planting acorns or seedlings. During the last 20 years, much has been learned about what works and what does not. Based on research and field trials, we now feel we can successfully regenerate native oaks, although it is often necessary to carefully plant and maintain them. Below are general guidelines for encouraging natural regeneration; collecting, storing, and planting acorns; growing seedlings in containers; and outplanting acorns and seedlings in the field. Additional information is available in Regenerat- ing Rangeland Oaks in California, UC ANR Publication 21601 (see "References "). Acorn production among California oaks is highly vanable trbm tree to UCC o„� ••�• year to year. a s U U Living among the Oaks Encouraging natural oak regeneration Areas particularly favorable to natural regeneration include north- facing slopes, regions with average annual precipitation greater than 20 inches (50 cm), deep or alluvial soils, swales, or other places with subsurface water. Because seedling mortality is usually high, regeneration possibilities are best in areas that can remain free from grazing animals for several years and where existing mature trees provide acorns. Sites offering some natural protection, such as rocky or shrubby areas, or steep slopes that naturally exclude or impede the movements of deer and livestock, may also be favorable. In some areas small seedlings are abundant but larger saplings are rare or nonexistent. This often occurs because both domestic and wild animals repeatedly browse small seedlings, killing them or keep- ing them stunted. To enhance growth, seedlings can be protected from damaging animals by creating fenced areas, called exclosures, that protect seedlings from animals. Treeshelters (see description below) can be used to protect single seedlings, or larger exclosures can protect entire groves. In pastures grazed by cattle, research has shown that the season of grazing can influence damage levels. Damage is usually greatest in the summer and early fall when few other green plants are available. Grazing only during the green season, when other forage is abundant, can lessen damage and encourage greater seedling growth. Strategically placing water and feed supplements away from potential oak regeneration areas can also reduce damaging impacts to oaks. Acorn collection, storage, and planting Acorns are the seeds of oak trees. They begin to develop on the tree in spring, following pollination and at about the same time the new eaves are starting to form. Oaks are wind pollinated, so environmental conditions at the time of flowering can affect the size of the acorn crop. Warm, dry, and windy conditions allow the pollen from male flowers, or catkins, to find receptive female flowers, resulting in larger acorn crops. Acorns ripen in the fall, usually in October and November. The acorns of some oak species ripen in a single year, while it takes 2 years for other species. When they mature in the fall, they begin to change color from green to yellow to brown, and the attachment to the acorn cup, or cap, loosens to eventually allow them to fall to the ground. However, one can pick acorns directly from tree branches before they fall to the ground and are consumed by birds, squirrels, or deer, or dry out and decline in quality. Acorns are ripe when they can easily be dislodged from the cup by gentle twisting. When the acorns are ripe, they can also be collected by hitting tree branches with long poles to dislodge them, then collecting them from the ground. Once collected, all of the acorn cups should be removed before placing the acorns in a container of water. This float test helps separate healthy acorns from damaged or immature ones. Floaters are much less likely to be viable and should be discarded. Sinkers are surface dried and then put in plastic bags and placed in a refrigerator or cold storage unit maintained between 32° and 40 °F (0° and 4.4 °C). Acorns ANR Publication 21538 ] 1 rapidly lose viability if they dry out, so it is important to place them in plastic bags in cold storage soon after they are collected. They can be stored for several months, but members of the white oak subgenera, including both blue and valley oak, will germi- nate in cold storage and begin to grow a radicle, or new root. Acorns do not store well, and it is therefore important to plant them as soon as the soil becomes sufficiently moist after the first rains in the fall. They should be placed on their sides and planted between 0.5 and 1.0 inch (10 and 25 mm) deep. The chances Of vigorous initial growth can be improved by excavating a hole several inches wide and up to 1.5 feet (50 cm) deep prior to sowing (and filling the hole back up with soil), which allows the initial root to more easily grow downward. Direct planting of acorns eliminates the root distur- bance that occurs with transplanting seedlings and allows more natural root development. Acorns can be collected from the branches of oak trees. 12 ANR Publication 21538 Growing oak seedlings in containers An alternative to directly sowing acorns is to grow oak seedlings in containers and then plant them in the field.These seedlings often have higher survivorship than directly planted acorns, but they also cost far more. It appears that overplanting with acorns is often more cost effec- tive per surviving seedling than plant- ing container stock. When planting on a small scale, however, it may make little difference. There are a variety of container types and sizes that can be used, but because oaks rapidly grow a deep taproot, it is preferable to use tall, narrow containers instead of short, wide ones. It is also important to prevent seedlings from growing so much that their roots fully occupy the available soil space in the container, causing the seedlings to become pot- bound. Before this occurs they should either be transplanted to a larger pot or planted in the field. Generally, oak seedlings should not be grown in containers of one gallon (3.8 liter) or less for more than a year. It is also critical to plant seedlings in the field early in the season — generally by the end of January—so that they can begin to grow roots before the soil starts to dry out. Living among the Oaks Seedling planting and protection Most oak woodlands in California have an understory of dense, non- native annual vegetation. These plants compete with oak seedlings for mois- ture and nutrients and can severely limit their growth and survival. It is therefore important that these plants be controlled. Eliminating weeds near planted oaks by scalping (i.e., hoeing), In a study at the Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center, treesneaers were shown to help oaks become established. spraying herbicides, or mulching can make the difference between survival and death for young oak seedlings. It can also enhance growth rates. Research suggests that maintaining a weed -free circle, with a 2 -foot (60 cm) or larger radius, around seed- lings for the first couple of years after planting increases soil moisture and promotes better survival and growth (McCreary 2001). Augering holes prior to planting can also improve seedling field performance on certain sites by allowing seedling roots to more easily penetrate downward where they can obtain soil moisture unavailable at shallower rooting depths. Fertilizing seedlings with slow - release fertilizer tablets at the time of planting has also resulted in significant increases in both diameter and height growth on certain sites. However, even if healthy seed- lings are planted correctly at the right time of year and competing vegetation is removed, there still may be significant obstacles to overcome since a variety of animals seem intent on eating them. Oaks are vulnerable to herbivory from a range of animals, from small insects and slugs, to hares and rodents, to deer and cattle. One device that has proven particularly effective in protecting seedlings from a wide range of animals is a treeshelter. This is a double - walled, Plastic tube that is placed over indi- vidual seedlings. It not only excludes a variety of animals, but it also stimu- lates seedling growth by acting as a mini - greenhouse. If acorns or seedlings are planted after heavy rains when soils are moist, watering is not needed. Otherwise, it is a good idea to water planting sites thoroughly at the time of planting. Periodic watering during the first 2 or 3 years usually improves survival and growth, but it may not be logis- tically feasible for remote planting Living among the Oaks ANR Publication 21538 13 sites. In these instances it is even more essential to eliminate competing vegetation. Although it is always helpful to remove competing weeds, supplemental irrigation may or may not be necessary. Average annual rainfall can also influence whether or not to irrigate. In areas that receive less than 15 inches (38 cm) of rain- fall, watering the first couple of years, may be essential, while in areas that receive more than 20 inches (51 cm) If average rainfall, watering is often not necessary. Maintaininggenetic integrity Regardless of whether you are plant- ing atoms you collected yourself or seedlings grown by yourself or others (e.g., native plant nurseries, youth groups, or service clubs), it is impor- tant to use local seeds for all wildland plantings. Local ecotypes, or strains of species, have evolved in response to local conditions and are therefore best adapted for survival. Planting off -site material (i.e., acorns collected far from the planting site) is risky since unforeseen events (a rare freeze, for instance) can threaten their survival, even years after the initial planting. Summary Oak regeneration studies to date suggest that the survival and growth of native California oaks in a natural setting are often limited by harsh environmental conditions (McCreary 2001). However, by providing a more favorable environment through weed control, augering, watering, and Protective tubes, rapid juvenile growth can be stimulated. This allows seed- lings to quickly grow above the level where they are particularly vulnerable to browsing pressures and thus helps ensure the success of regeneration plantings. Wildlife Enhancement Oak environments are among the richest wildlife habitats in the state; 110 species of birds use oak habitats during the breeding season, and 35 - percent of California's land mammals utilize oaks during some time of their lives. California's deer herds are particularly dependent on oak habitats. By maintaining the health of your oak woodlands, you promote wildlife health and increase the abun- dance and diversity of both terrestrial and aquatic species. Although a few animals can adversely affect oak seedlings, wildlife generally does not harm mature oaks and often provides important benefits through maintaining ecological balances. For instance, blue jays are important acorn planters because they cache large numbers of atoms in the soil but do not retrieve all of them. Some of these germinate and develop into seedlings. The presence of wildlife also adds beauty to a woodland and value to property. Landowners can take some measures to increase the abundance and diversity of wildlife on their lands. Here are a few suggestions: Leave brush piles in areas where they do not pose a fire hazard. These environments are used by quail for cover and by small animals for food and shelter, and they can provide nurseries for the natural regeneration of trees and shrubs. Large, old trees, especially deciduous species, are particularly valuable for wildlife. They have abun- dant foliage for foraging birds and insectivorous bats, deeply furrowed mule aeer are common residents of California's oak woodlands. 14 ANR Publication 21538 Although oaks are tong lived, all trees eventually die. Adequate regem:10U.1� 1. necessary for a species to survive and prosper. bark that provides wildlife cover and insect prey, abundant acorns, and nesting cavities in large limbs and trunks, both living and dead. Fallen leaves and other material from the canopy provide nutrients under these trees that support a host of soil inver- tebrates. At the landscape scale, a large, lone tree provides connectivity between wooded patches, adds struc- tural diversity, and may provide a safe stopping point for migrating birds. Large trees have been referred to as a keystone species; that is, their ecolog- ical benefits are disproportionate to their numbers. Large dead trees in woodlands, called snags, are gener- ally rare, but they provide important cavity and perch sites. They should therefore be retained, unless they pose a fire hazard or safety concern. Coarse, woody debris (fallen limbs and trees) is valuable for inver- tebrate and vertebrate wildlife alike. Among terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles), large logs are especially valuable for reptiles and amphibians. However, recent research has shown that large wood is in short supply in over half of Cali- fornia's oak woodlands, apparently due to landowner efforts to reduce fire risk and to keep the woodlands looking clean and well maintained. It is therefore beneficial to retain large, woody debris whenever possible, as long as it will not interfere with other management practices, including fire - hazard reduction. Living among the Oaks Shrub cover —that intermediate layer between tree canopy and ground cover — influences the existence of many small animals. It may supply A of life's requisites for some of these species, such as shrub- obligate birds. Examples of native shrubs that provide cover, as well as food, for wildlife include coffeeberry (Rbamnus californica), toyon (Heteromeles arbu- tifolia), and manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.). Shrubs can increase the number of wildlife species inhabiting an area and may also function as refugia for wildlife during extended periods of drought. Manage vegetation for diversity. 'Ihe diversity of wildlife depends upon the diversity of habitats and age classes of vegetation. If you maintain a diverse stmcture at the landscape scale (grass - land,woodland, shrubland), as well as a diverse structure at the local scale (tree, shrub, and ground covers), you encourage a greater diversity of wild Z. Mixed stands of oaks (i.e., both evergreen and deciduous species) are also advantageous since they provide a greater variety of habitat elements. Wetlands. Probably no compo- nent of oak woodland habitat is more important for wildlife than riparian and other wetland areas. Because of the multiple layers of vegetation in wetlands (ground, shrub, and tree), wetlands support numerous species of wildlife, including many threatened and endangered species. However, wetland areas are particularly sensi- tive to management practices, such as intensive grazing, and so they should be monitored carefully. Oaks along streams help stabilize the banks, and Living among the Oaks ANR Publication 21538 15 by shading the stream, they help keep the water cool for native trout and other fish. If dead oaks or branches fall into streams, consider leaving them if they do not present a flooding hazard. Woody debris in streams helps to create pools and provides structure and cover for native fish, including trout, and for amphibians and invertebrates. Thinning. Individual oaks and groves of oaks can be thinned to meet specific landowner needs. Thinning can increase residual tree growth, stimulate young trees, produce fire- wood, encourage wildlife, increase forage for livestock, and improve fire safety. The degree of thinning and the selection of trees depend on the nature of the woodland and the objectives of the landowner, but it is important to avoid thinning too heavily. Generally, it is a good idea to leave at least 30 to 40 percent canopy cover following thinning. Commercial endeavors. Because of ever - increasing demands of a growing human population on dwin- dling open space resources, owners of rural and semirural woodland areas can use their lands for a variety of commercial ventures that ideally are compatible with native oaks. Some potential crops are Christmas trees, specialty nursery plants, or mush- rooms. You can also open your lands for fee -based recreational uses such as camping, hiking, hunting, horse- back riding, bird watching, photog- raphy, fishing, or mushroom picking. Increasing income to owners of large woodland parcels may help them retain their properties as wildlands rather than selling them to developers. COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES Throughout California, landowners are coming together to solve common problems in their oak woodlands. any regional problems can only be solved by landowners working together in innovative ways. Here are a few examples of landowner efforts: Landowner associations. In many areas, particularly newer subdivisions, landowner associations are working on a variety of issues, including fire safety, regional land- scaping, and woodland protection. One excellent example initiated over 20 years ago is the Portola Valley Ranch, a Hardesty Associates project. This planned unit develop- ment in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains includes areas of shared oak - woodland open space that are managed and maintained by the Ranch Homeowners Association. Open space easements and dedications of land. In many areas individual landowners, entire devel- opments, and local land trusts are dedicating lands to open space uses through conservation easements and a variety of other legal tools. Land- owners dedicating such lands often receive tax relief and, in some instances, cash payments. Conservation ease- ments restrict future development but allow normal management activities, including grazing, farming, and even tree harvesting.The Nature Conser- vancy, the Trust for Public Land, and the California Rangeland Trust are just a few of the organizations that operate such programs, along with many small community land trusts. Community and watershed groups. These have developed throughout California to sponsor a variety of education, protection, and woodland enhancement activities. These groups pursue public aware- ness and educational programs, tree planting projects, registry programs for significant individual trees, and lobbying efforts with local jurisdic- tions to protect a variety of natural resources, including trees. Two excel- lent examples are the Sacramento Tree Foundation and the Putah Creek Council, both of which have been in operation for more than 20 years. Carbon Sequestration There is a wealth of scientific data indicating that carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased dramatically in the last century. Many believe this will result in climate change and, more specifically, global warming. California has become a leader in committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to elevated atmospheric COZ concentrations. One new approach has been to promote a cap- and -trade system whereby those generating emissions can purchase carbon offsets equal to the amount of carbon they emit. Since oak woodlands store considerable carbon in tree biomass, including roots, property owners may soon be able to sell carbon credits to emitters. While this approach is new and it is hard to predict how effective it will be in reducing emissions, California and its California Air Resources Board (CARB) are at the forefront of imple- menting this new approach. 16 ANR Publication 21538 References Allen -Diaz, B. H., J. W. Bartolome, and M. P. McClaran. 1999. California oak savanna. In Anderson, R.C., et al., eds., Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press. 322 -339. Allen -Diaz, B. H„ R. D. Jackson, and R. B. Standiford. 2007. Oak woodlands and forests. In Barbour, M.G., T. Keeler - Wolf, and A.A. Schoenherr, eds., Terrestrial vegetation of California, 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. 313 -338. Costello, L. R, B. W. Hagen, and K. S. Jones. 2010. Oaks in urban landscapes: Selection, care, and preservation. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3518. Giusti, G. A., D. D. McCreary, and R. B. Standiford, eds. 2005. A planner's guide for oak woodlands, 2nd ed. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3491. Giusti, G. A., R. B. Standiford, D. D. - McCreary, A. Merenlender, and T. Scott. 2004. Oak woodland conservation in Californias changing landscape. White paper of UC Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program. Johnson, S., and W.Tietje.1995. Wildlife among the oaks: A management guide for landowners. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 21537. Keator, G. 1998. The life of an oak. Berkeley: Heyday Books, and Oakland: California Oak Foundation. Little, R.,T. Swiecki, and W. Tietje. 2001. Oak woodland invertebrates: The little things count. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 21598. McCreary, D. D. 2001. Regenerating rangeland oaks in California. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 21601. Available on the UC Oak Woodland Web site, http: / /ucanr.org/ sites/oalt- range/. -. 2004. Fire in California's oak woodlands. White paper of UC Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program. McCreary, D. D., and G. Nader. 2007. Small parcel landowner's guide to oak management. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 8263. McMinn, H., E. Maino, and H. Shepherd. 1935. An illustrated manual of Pacific coast trees. Berkeley: University of California Press. Merenlendeq A. 1998. Vineyards in an oak landscape. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 21577. Pavlik, B. M., P. C. Muick, S. Johnson, and M. Popper. 2002. Oaks of California. Los Olivos, CA: Cachuma Press, Inc. Standiford, R. B. 1996. Guidelines for managing California's hardwood rangelands. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3368. Standiford, R. B., and W. Tietje.1990. Harvesting firewood for sustained yield on oak rangelands. Oakland: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 21487. Swiecki,T. J., and E. A. Bernhardt. 2006. A field guide to insects and diseases of California oaks. Albany, CA: USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW- GTR. 197. Online Resources California Oak Mortality Task Force Web site, http:Hnature.bcrkeleyedu/wmtf/. California Oak Foundation Web site, www.californiaoaks.org/. California Native Plant Society Web site, wwwcnps.org /. UC Oak Woodland Web site, http : / /ucam.org /sites/oak- range /. Wildlife Conservation Board Web site, wwwwcb.ca.gov /. For Further Information To order or obtain ANR publications and other products, visit the ANR Communication Services online catalog at http: / /anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu or phone 1 -800- 994 -8849. You can also place orders by mail or FAX, or request a printed catalog of our products from University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services 1301 S. 46th Street Building 478 - MC 3580 Richmond, CA 94804 -4600 Telephone 1- 800 - 994 -8849 510- 642 -2431 FAX 510- 643 -5470 E -mail: damcs @ucdavis.edu ©2011 The Regents of the University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources All rights reserved. Publication 21538 ISBN - 13:978 -1- 60107 -665 -6 Living among the Oaks Illustration and photo credit given in the captions. Cover and back photo from istockphoto.com; design by Robin Walton. This publication is a revision of Living among the Oaks: A Management Guide for Landowners (1995). 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